Overview
Teaching: 30 min Exercises: 0 minQuestions
How can I write R that other people can understand and use?
Objectives
Define best formatting practices when writing code in R scripts.
Synthesize a consistent personal coding style to increase code readability, consistency, and repeatability.
Apply this style to one’s own code.
#This is code to replicate the analyses and figures from my 2014 Science paper.
#Code developed by Sarah Supp, Tracy Teal, and Jon Borelli
library
):library(ggplot2)
library(reshape)
library(vegan)
source()
ing a script, or start R
inside your project folder:One should exercise caution when using setwd()
. Changing directories in a script file can limit reproducibility:
setwd()
will return an error if the directory to which you’re trying to change doesn’t exit or if the user doesn’t have the correct permissions to access that directory. This becomes a problem when sharing scripts between users who have organized their directories differently.setwd()
, it is best to put it at the top of the script to avoid these problems.The following error message indicates that R has failed to set the working directory you specified:
Error in setwd("~/path/to/working/directory") : cannot change working directory
It is best practice to have the user running the script begin in a consistent directory on their machine and then use relative file paths from that directory to access files (see below).
Annotate and mark your code using #
or #-
to set off sections of your code and to make finding specific parts of your code easier.
If you create only one or a few custom functions in your script, put them toward the top of your code so they are among the first objects created. If you have written many functions, put them all in their own .R file and then source
those files. source
will define all of these functions so that your code can make use of them as needed. For the reasons listed above, try to avoid using setwd()
(or other functions that have side-effects in the user’s workspace) in scripts you source
.
source("my_genius_fxns.R")
Use a consistent style within your code. For example, name all matrices something ending in .mat
. Consistency makes code easier to read and problems easier to spot.
Keep your code in bite-sized chunks. If a single function or loop gets too long, consider looking for ways to break it into smaller pieces.
Don’t repeat yourself–automate! If you are repeating the same code over and over, use a loop or a function to repeat that code for you. Needless repetition doesn’t just waste time–it also increases the likelihood you’ll make a costly mistake!
Keep all of your source files for a project in the same directory, then use relative paths as necessary to access them. For example, use
dat <- read.csv(file = "files/dataset-2013-01.csv", header = TRUE)
rather than:
dat <- read.csv(file = "/Users/Karthik/Documents/sannic-project/files/dataset-2013-01.csv", header = TRUE)
gc()
.interim_object <- data.frame(rep(1:100,10),rep(101:200,10),rep(201:300,10)) # Sample dataset of 1000 rows
object.size(interim_object) # Reports the memory size allocated to the object
rm(interim_object) # Removes only the object itself and not necessarily the memory allotted to it
gc() # Force R to release memory it is no longer using
ls() # Lists all the objects in your current workspace
rm(list = ls()) # If you want to delete all the objects in the workspace and start with a clean slate
Don’t save a session history (the default option in R, when it asks if you want an RData
file). Instead, start in a clean environment so that older objects don’t remain in your environment any longer than they need to. If that happens, it can lead to unexpected results.
Wherever possible, keep track of sessionInfo()
somewhere in your project folder. Session information is invaluable because it captures all of the packages used in the current project. If a newer version of a package changes the way a function behaves, you can always go back and reinstall the version that worked (Note: At least on CRAN, all older versions of packages are permanently archived).
Collaborate. Grab a buddy and practice “code review”. Review is used for preparing experiments and manuscripts; why not use it for code as well? Our code is also a major scientific achievement and the product of lots of hard work!
Develop your code using version control and frequent updates!
Best Practice
- What other suggestions do you have for coding best practices?
- What are some specific ways we could restructure the code we worked on today to make it easier for a new user to read? Discuss with your neighbor.
- Make two new R scripts called
inflammation.R
andinflammation_fxns.R
. Copy and paste code into each script so thatinflammation.R
“does stuff” andinflammation_fxns.R
holds all of your functions. Hint: you will need to addsource
to one of the files.
Key Points
Start each program with a description of what it does.
Then load all required packages.
Consider what working directory you are in when sourcing a script.
Use comments to mark off sections of code.
Put function definitions at the top of your file, or in a separate file if there are many.
Name and style code consistently.
Break code into small, discrete pieces.
Factor out common operations rather than repeating them.
Keep all of the source files for a project in one directory and use relative paths to access them.
Keep track of the memory used by your program.
Always start with a clean environment instead of saving session history.
Keep track of session information in your project folder.
Have someone else review your code.
Use version control.