## Overview

Teaching: 10 min
Exercises: 10 min
Questions
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Objectives
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Academic papers have more information than text. In this section, we will cover how to add references, tables, figures, and equations. One important thing to keep in mind, is that (at least when using pandoc, which is the most common program) LaTeX commands will be understood when converting to other formats. This greatly simplifies the use of equations, for example.

# Equations

Equations can be written using the LaTeX syntax. For example, the block below is valid markdown,

The equation for a polynomial function is $y(x) = ax^2 + bx +c$.


and so is this one:

The sum of a vector of numbers ($\mathbf{v}$) is noted

$$\sum_{x=1}^n\mathbf{v}_i$$


# Tables

One of the issues with markdown is that tables tend to be poorly supported (although it is possible to use raw LaTeX). Nevertheless, there is a way to write tables that are relatively simple. The table below

Lesson Maintainer Pre-requisites
markdown Tim shell, git, makefiles

is noted as

| Lesson   | Maintainer |        Pre-requisites |
|:---------|:-----------|----------------------:|
| markdown | Tim        | shell, git, makefiles |


There are a few elements to tables. The first line is the headers. The second line gives the alignment. The subsequent lines are the content of the table.

Columns are separated by a pipe (|). The pipes do not need to be vertically aligned (but it helps a great deal when reading the raw documents – there are plugins to take care of this in most editors).

By default, columns are left-aligned. To specify the alignment, one needs using : in the second line, in the following ways:

Left-aligned Centered Right aligned Default (left)
:--- :--: ---: ----

The code for this table is

| Left-aligned | Centered | Right aligned | Default (left) |
|:-------------|:--------:|--------------:|:---------------|
| :---       |  :--:  |        ---: | ----         |


# Figures

Figures are well supported by markdown. Their notation closely follows the one for links, only preceded by an exclamation mark (!).

For example,

is noted:

![Software carpentry logo \label{f:swc}](http://swcarpentry.github.io/modern-scientific-authoring/assets/img/swc-logo-blue.svg)


or alternatively,

![Software carpentry logo \label{f:swc}][swc]

[swc]: http://swcarpentry.github.io/modern-scientific-authoring/assets/img/swc-logo-blue.svg


Note the presence of \label{f:swc}, which is a LaTeX command. This allows to refer to the figure in the text, using \autoref{f:swc}. The autoref package for LaTeX is an incredibly useful one, that knows the type of object being referred to, and will write out Fig. 1, Tab. 2, Eqn. 3, or whatever is needed, without human intervention.

# References

The last requirement for an academic paper is references. Markdown, through pandoc and its extension pandoc-citeproc, handles these very graciously. The pandoc bibliography module is able to read citations from a variety of formats. Originally designed for CSL JSON and CSL YAML, it can acomodate, for example, bibtex and RIS.

The way to note a reference is @CitationKey. For example, if your (bibtex) library contains the following reference:

@ARTICLE{thom99,
title = {The raw material for coevolution},
journal = {Oikos},
author = {Thompson, John N},
number = {1},
volume = {84},
year = {1999},
pages = {5--16},
}


you can refer to this article by @thom99 in the text. All modern reference management software can export to one of the formats supported by pandoc, and most of them will let you customize the way the citation key looks.

References can be combined ([@John2012; @Jack2014]), written inline (@Doe2013 will result in Doe (2013) in the text if a “author-year” style is in use), or in parentheses ([@Doe2013] will yield (Doe, 2013)). It is also possible to add text to them: [see @Billy2015 for a review] will result in (see Billy et al., 2015 for a review).

The bibliography is automatically inserted at the end of the document, and, as we’ll see in the next section, there are thousands of way to format it to match the journal requirements.

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