Making Changes

Overview

Teaching: 10 min
Exercises: 5 min

Questions

• How can I change files in a repository?

Objectives

• Display the uncommitted changes that have been made to tracked files.

• Go through the modify-commit cycle for single and multiple files.

Now suppose Susan adds more notes to the file. (Again, we’ll edit with nano and then cat the file to show its contents; you may use a different editor, and don’t need to cat.)

$ nano plan.txt
$ cat plan.txt

Goal: Run NEMO everyday to forecast storm surge water levels

Need daily high resolution weather forcing from Environment Canada.

When we run hg status now, it tells us that a file it already knows about has been modified:

$ hg status

M plan.txt

The M at the beginning of the line means that Mercurial has noticed that we have modified the plan.txt file.

We can double-check our work using hg diff, which shows us the differences between the current state of the file and the most recently committed version:

$ hg diff

diff -r 1320339bbcae plan.txt
--- a/plan.txt  Tue Jun 09 14:41:27 2015 +0200
+++ b/plan.txt  Tue Jun 09 15:07:42 2015 +0200
@@ -1,1 +1,3 @@
 Goal: Run NEMO everyday to forecast storm surge water levels
+
+Need daily high resolution weather forcing from Environment Canada.

The output is cryptic because it is actually a series of commands for tools like editors and patch telling them how to reconstruct one file given the other. If we can break it down into pieces:

1. The first line tells us that Mercurial is using the Unix diff command to compare the last committed and new versions of the file.

2. The next two lines show us the time stamps of the 2 versions of the file that are being compared.
3. The remaining lines show us the actual differences and the lines on which they occur. In particular, the + markers in the first column show where we are adding lines.

Let’s commit our change:

$ hg commit -m "Add note about source for atmospheric forcing."

Checking our project’s status:

$ hg status

we get no output because all of the changes have been committed. We can see our commits with hg log:

$ hg log

changeset:   1:b31241913818
tag:         tip
user:        Susan Allen <sallen@eos.ubc.ca>
date:        Tue Jun 09 15:16:11 2015 +0200
summary:     Add note about source for atmospheric forcing.

changeset:   0:1320339bbcae
user:        Susan Allen <sallen@eos.ubc.ca>
date:        Tue Jun 09 14:41:27 2015 +0200
summary:     Starting to plan the daily NEMO forecast system.

Committing Only Some of the Changes

Of course sometimes we may not want to commit everything at once. For example, suppose we’re adding a few citations to our supervisor’s work to our thesis. We might want to commit those additions, and the corresponding addition to the bibliography, but not commit the work we’re doing on the conclusions (which we haven’t finished yet). To handle that, simply do two (or more) separate commits, listing the names of the files to be included in each commit in the hg commit command:

$ hg commit -m "Cite Sastri and Dower (2009)." methods.txt biblio.txt
...
<later>
...
$ hg commit conclusions.txt -m "Update conclusions re: phyto bloom timing mismatches."

Notice that the list of file names can come before or after the commit comment in the hg commit command.

Let’s add another line to the file for practice and to make our revision history more interesting:

$ nano plan.txt
$ cat plan.txt

Goal: Run NEMO everyday to forecast storm surge water levels

Need daily high resolution weather forcing from Environment Canada.
Also need daily average Fraser River flow from Environment Canada.

$ hg diff

diff -r b31241913818 plan.txt
--- a/plan.txt  Tue Jun 09 15:16:11 2015 +0200
+++ b/plan.txt  Tue Jun 09 15:25:33 2015 +0200
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 Goal: Run NEMO everyday to forecast storm surge water levels

 Need daily high resolution weather forcing from Environment Canada.
+Also need daily average Fraser River flow from Environment Canada.

So far, so good: we’ve added one line to the end of the file (shown with a + in the first column). Now, let’s commit our changes:

$ hg commit plan.txt -m "Add note about data source for Fraser River flow forcing."

and look at the history of what we’ve done so far:

$ hg log

changeset:   2:2e15a7ee29c2
tag:         tip
user:        Susan Allen <sallen@eos.ubc.ca>
date:        Tue Jun 09 15:28:25 2015 +0200
summary:     Add note about data source for Fraser River flow forcing.

changeset:   1:b31241913818
user:        Susan Allen <sallen@eos.ubc.ca>
date:        Tue Jun 09 15:16:11 2015 +0200
summary:     Add note about source for atmospheric forcing.

changeset:   0:1320339bbcae
user:        Susan Allen <sallen@eos.ubc.ca>
date:        Tue Jun 09 14:41:27 2015 +0200
summary:     Starting to plan the daily NEMO forecast system.

bio Repository

Create a new Mercurial repository on your computer called bio. Write a three-line biography for yourself in a file called me.txt, commit your changes, then modify one line, add a fourth line, and display the differences between the file’s updated state and its original state.

Key Points

• hg diff displays differences between commits.

• hg log shows the history of a repository.